> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://documentation.specollective.org/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://documentation.specollective.org/knowledge-base/humanities/languages.md).

# Languages

Languages are the structured systems of communication used by humans, based on speech and gesture (spoken language), sign, or writing.

**Books**

* [UMN Center for Open Education Open Language Textbooks   ](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/subjects/languages)
* [LibreTexts Elementary Mandarin](https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Kapiolani_Community_College/CHN101%3A_Elementary_Mandarin_I_\(Polley\))
* [UMassAmherst Italian Tutt\* a tavola! Volume 1 ](https://openbooks.library.umass.edu/tutt-a-tavola-vol-1/)
* [Humbolt State University Open Source English Textbooks](https://libguides.humboldt.edu/openedu/engl)